Chapter 13-3 Notes
Unit 5 - North and South 1820-1860
Chapter 13 – 3
A. Rise of the Cotton Kingdom (Pages 397–399)
a. The Southern colonies developed along separate economic lines – the Upper South and the Deep South.
b. The Upper South (Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina) and grew tobacco, wheat, hemp and vegetables.
c. The economy of the South thrived by 1850 because of cotton. It became the leading cash crop. Tobacco and rice had been profitable in colonial times, but tobacco depended on foreign markets and the price fluctuated. Rice could not be grown in the dry inland areas. In the Deep South—Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas—cotton helped the economy prosper, and slavery grew stronger.
1. Cotton Rules in the Deep South
a. Eli Whitney’s cotton gin revolutionized cotton production. The machine removed seeds from cotton fibers. A worker could clean only 1 pound of cotton a day by hand, but with the machine, a worker could clean 50 pounds. The cotton gin led to the need for more workers. Southern planters relied on enslaved laborers to plant and pick the cotton.
b. The British textile industry created a huge demand for cotton and kept the price high.
The Deep South was committed to cotton, with some areas also growing rice and
sugarcane. The Upper South––Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina––was also
agricultural and produced tobacco, hemp, wheat, and vegetables.
c. The value of enslaved people increased due to the reliance on them for producing
cotton and sugar. The Upper South became a center for the sale and transport of
enslaved people in the region.
B. Industry in the South (Pages 399–400)
a. The South remained rural and agricultural. The entire South had a lower value of
manufactured goods than the state of Pennsylvania in the 1860s.
1. Barriers to Industry
a. Several barriers to industry developed in the South:
i. Because cotton was so profitable, farming was important, not new business.
ii. Because capital, or money to invest in business, was lacking, new industry did
not develop. People saw no reason to sell their land or enslaved workers to raise money for industry, and they believed their economy would continue to prosper.
iii. Because the market for manufactured goods in the South was smaller than in the North, this also discouraged industrial development.
iv. Some Southerners did not want industry.
b. Some Southern leaders wanted to develop industry so that the South would not be
dependent on the North for manufactured goods. They also wanted the South to
develop their economy. These leaders were the exception, though, not the rule.
i. William Gregg opened a textile factory in South Carolina in 1844.
ii. In Richmond, Virginia, Joseph Reid Anderson took over the Tredegar Iron Works in the 1840s and made it a leading producer of iron in the nation.
c. Goods were transported via natural waterways. Most towns were along rivers or on
the coast. Roads were poor and there were few canals. Railroad lines were mostly
local and did not connect parts of a region. By 1860 only about one-third of the rail
lines were in the South. Southern cities grew more slowly than cities in the North.
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